Free Essays on The 1960s

Free Essays on The 1960\'s After the 1960’s another extraordinary and well known period known as the Sixties, had both a positive and negative affect on society. John F. Kennedy youngest president to be elected was a Democrat from Massachusetts who promised â€Å"to get America moving again†. Other positive influences such as the civil rights movement outlawed discrimination in public accommodations, housing, and jobs; increased federal power to prosecute civil rights abuses. Specialized programs such as the Peace Corps, Alliance for Progress offered economic assistance. United States race with the Soviet Union in science and technology took further advances. Beside from these positive affects negative changes took place. Political assassinations, Cuban missile crisis, and discrimination based on color of skin reduced the accomplishments that could have taken place. In my opinion sports and games wasn’t very prominent in the 60’s, but rather a thing people did and watched to enjoy themselves. At first baseball, boxing, and football was something everyone was into and did. It was in the 60’s when basketball became recognized. Wilt Chamberlain was basketball's unstoppable force, the most awesome offensive force the game has ever seen. If asked to name the greatest players ever to play basketball, most fans would put Wilt Chamberlain at or near the top of the list. In boxing, Paterson vs. Linston was one of the outstanding matches ever seen and heard. Skiing was also a new sport, and in this Jackie Kennedy was the first woman to ski. Car racing was also another hobby for people in the 60’s. In baseball, 1962, Jackie Robinson the first black American to play in major league baseball was placed in the Baseball Hall of Fame for his talent. John F. Kennedy was described as rich, optimistic, one who had a good sense of humor and strong sense of found. The election in 1960 John F. Kennedy vs. Richard M. Nixon was televised to 70 million viewers. Because JK...

How to Resolve Awkward Identifying Descriptions

How to Resolve Awkward Identifying Descriptions How to Resolve Awkward Identifying Descriptions How to Resolve Awkward Identifying Descriptions By Mark Nichol Writers often fail to note that a phrase they have constructed to describe a person, place, or thing- one that involves two parallel components, or one component subordinate to another, in sequence- can result in unwieldy strings of nouns functioning as adjectives leading up to a key noun. In each of the following sentences, following a discussion of the problem, such a train of stacked adjectives is uncoupled and rearranged for improved readability in one or more revisions. 1. â€Å"Our idea and concept was to build a small place to entertain our friends and to have some foodies and chef friends around to create new and imaginative dishes,† co-owner chef Stefan Stiller said in a statement. The conjunction and should separate two disparate identifying words or phrases associated with a person’s name: â€Å"‘Our idea and concept was to build a small place to entertain our friends and to have some foodies and chef friends around to create new and imaginative dishes,’ co-owner and chef Stefan Stiller said in a statement.† (A solidus, or slash, could be inserted to separate the terms, but this symbol should be avoided in formal writing.) An alternative is to use the person’s name to divide the identifying terms: â€Å"‘Our idea and concept was to build a small place to entertain our friends and to have some foodies and chef friends around to create new and imaginative dishes,’ co-owner Stefan Stiller, a chef, said in a statement,† However, it would be more appropriate to identify the speaker first as a chef and then as a co-owner. 2. FBI Criminal Investigation Division Deputy Assistant Director John Smith emphasized the potential for both the industry and regulators to benefit by improving collaboration. When a name is preceded by a cumbersome job title, and especially if that is preceded by a reference to the entity by which the person is employed, the information is easier to read if it follows the name and the train of terms is relaxed by beginning with the job title, followed by â€Å"of the† and the entity’s name: â€Å"John Smith, deputy assistant director of the FBI’s Criminal Investigation Division, emphasized the potential for both the industry and regulators to benefit by improving collaboration.† (Note that the job title is not capitalized when it does not precede the person’s name.) 3. The Association of Certified Anti-Money Laundering Specialists Fifteenth Annual Anti-Money Laundering and Financial Crime Conference begins on April 1. The same approach is appropriate when the name of a component of an entity or an event presented by an entity is combined with the name of the entity: â€Å"The fifteenth annual Anti-Money Laundering and Financial Crime Conference of the Association of Certified Anti-Money Laundering Specialists begins on April 1.† (Note that a reference to how many of these events have been held at regular intervals, such as â€Å"fifteenth annual,† is seldom part of an event’s official designation and therefore is usually not capitalized.) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Words for Facial ExpressionsUsed To vs. Use ToWriting a Thank You Note

English 305 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

English 305 - Assignment Example In such a way, the following analysis will seek to analyze to articles upon the topic of global warming (Kunzig 21). The first of these articles takes the viewpoint the global warming is very much caused by human activity and can only be slowed by a definitive and corrective process of engagement on the part of nearly each and every societal stakeholder. Conversely, the second article takes the standpoint that global warming is a natural process, one that is ultimately contingent upon the sun, not human activity, and will necessarily run its course and give way to a cooler era in the near future. The first article, entitled â€Å"Collective Action and Citizen Responses to Global Warming†, discusses the way in which global warming threatens to have drastic impacts upon the way in which individuals live their lives, raise their families, and plan for discernible future (Lubell 399). As such, impacts upon factors such as increased temperatures leading to reduced crop yields, the effects of decreased oxygen in the atmosphere and the possibility for plaintiff and other compliments of the global food chain to be reduced, and the way in which decreased water supplies in some of the more arid regions of the world could easily lead to global conflict. Naturally, none of these determinants is especially hopeful and the reader is left with the take away that unless global warming is stopped, the repercussions of it will create a less than enticing environment in the very near future. By contrast, the article entitled, â€Å"Global Warming: The Hoax of the Century† takes a greatly different stance. Although it is mostly rhetorical in its analysis, this particular article focuses upon the fact that the scientific models and means of analytics that are being referenced to prove global warming are ultimately flawed. Moreover, the author points to the fact that the winds of politics at impacted upon the way in which individuals view the issue, and indeed the way in which scientists are representing it to the general populace (Mardell 15). Most importantly, the article itself puts forward its own set of scientific factors and discusses the manner in which the sun, the entity responsible for warming our planet and keeping the crust of planet Earth from being frozen, as is the case with so many of the other neighboring planets, is ultimately responsible for any fluctuations in global temperature that had been referenced lately. Naturally, the common sense approach that this particular article puts forward allows the individual to come to something of a realization for the fact that global warming, although potentially a serious problem, might not have the human causation that so many individuals and scientists have doggedly been pointing to the past several decades. From the complete and thorough analysis of both of these articles, a more nuanced understanding of what causes global warming and how it is reference within the current dialogue wa s understood. Ultimately, with the available evidence that exists, it is clear to discern that humans are having a negative impact upon their plan. Regardless of whether an individual is an extreme

Analytical Formal Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Analytical Formal Report - Essay Example The appropriate solution should be one that seems feasible, easy to implement, and should have long-term effects on the industry. After benchmarking the two possible solutions against the criteria previously mentioned, I recommend improving the dining experience by improving the customer service and general environment of the restaurants. This solution will attract more customers to the Chinese restaurants making the Chinese restaurant industry one of the most profitable hospitality industries of the United States. I hope you find this report helpful in regards to solving the problems of the Chinese restaurant industry of the United States. If you have any questions or comments regarding my recommendations, please feel free to contact me at email address or telephone number. Thank you for providing me with the opportunity to research this problem. Sincerely, Your name here PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS FOR THE CHINESE RESTAURANTS AROUND STATE COLLEGE       Prepared for: General Managers      Ã‚   Prepared by: Please write your name The Pennsylvania State University          August 03, 2013 Executive Summary Chinese restaurants around the State College are experiencing a major drop in their sales due to increase in competition. The main problem is that customers are particularly not happy with their service standards and the environment of the Chinese restaurants. This is adversely affecting the level of sales of the restaurants that forces them to target only Chinese clientele, which is a very small target market for the restaurants. A few dimensions of the problem are given below Increasing competition Disgruntle customers due to lack of good customers service and environment Focus on only Chinese student market which is small The criteria for the best solution included solving the above mentioned problems in a cost effective manner, as well as within a plausible timeframe. Two solutions to the problem were proposed in the report. The first solution was to improve the dining experience and customer service in order to attract customers. This included changing the interior, as well as the environment of the restaurant. The second solution was to enhance marketing channels of the restaurants using social media and word of mouth marketing. This solution was aimed at improving customer perception regarding Chinese restaurants around the State College. The solution that best fits the criteria is to improve the environment because it involves bringing operational level changes that can create a difference. The solution is also both cost effective and plausible. Table of Contents Executive Summary 4 Introduction 6 Proposed Solutions to the Problem 7 Improve the Level of Customer Satisfaction 7 Enhancing Marketing Efforts 8 Conclusions and Recommendations 10 References 11 Appendix II†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦...13 Introduction The restaurant industry of the United States of America has become extremely competitive because of the entry of many new players. The diversity of customer market in the US restaurant industry is significant and this is why many types of restaurants are in business offering different types of cuisine. Chinese cuisine is also highly sought after in the

How Does Willy Russell Create Mood Essay Example for Free

How Does Willy Russell Create Mood Essay In the Summer Sequence Willy Russell’s three main protagonists are shown to grow up from the ages of 15 to 18, thus becoming adults throughout the song. This means that the sequence acts as a watershed in the respect that it marks a major turning point in the play. This is shown through the atmosphere that Russell creates, which goes from fairly positive, hopeful tone to a more cynical and desperate one over the duration of the sequence. Russell uses several techniques to create these atmospheres throughout. In the opening of the Summer Sequence the atmosphere is clearly a happy one, which is shown by Russell by using words like â€Å"young, free and innocent† to describe the characters. In this section, the word â€Å"innocent† is used twice. This repetition emphasises their youth and their naivety. â€Å"You haven’t got a care†, suggests Russell is trying to create an image of the characters as being without concern, completely free of worry so it reinforces the absolute happiness of the characters. Another adjective that occurs later in the song is â€Å"immortal† which at this stage of the play creates an atmosphere of excitement and spontaneity because the children can’t conceive of an end to their current lives. A technique that Russell uses starts to use here is imagery, â€Å"street’s turned to paradise†, the word â€Å"paradise† bring to mind an idea of secure and complete happiness, which is how he describes them in this verse. Another technique is personification, â€Å"radio’s singing dreams†, giving the radio the ability to do something that brings happiness or joy. This line also works the first time the motif of dreams appears, one that recurs throughout the sequence. The next notable part of the sequence is entirely stage directions, and shows the characters at a fairground. In this part of the sequence the most obvious technique is foreshadowing and motifs arising. In it, Linda is just ignored by the narrator, who is running the stall, when giving the gun to them, but the boys both insist Linda fires it, which is reminiscent of the beginning of the play when Linda takes the airgun from Mickey and beats him at firing at cans. Linda also used to control their social situations, â€Å"let’s throw some stones through them windows†. This scene is also very reliant on the gun motif that runs through the entire play which creates a darker and more sinister atmosphere, and that suggests a level of violence. The fairground scene is also reflected in the musical choice, which is fairground-like music that plays to the tune of ‘Tell me it’s not true’, the song Mrs Johnstone sings at the very beginning of the play while her two sons lie dead on the stage. So, again this ties in with the audiences’ awareness of the boys’ tragic fate, thus, creating a foreshadowing atmosphere and suggests impending tragedy. This links with the gun motif, as together these themes create a sense of impending violence and death. The last line of this section of stage directions is â€Å"Linda is caught in the middle, the game freezes†. This creates a dark atmosphere as throughout the play Linda is always seen to be caught in between the two boys, but so far, it has never ended badly. In this instance, however, it foreshadows the fates of all three characters. The use of the word â€Å"game†, referring to a game of piggy-in-the-middle, could suggest that the context of the play when Linda gets caught up in her own happiness which eventually leads to the tragic fate of the twins. Overall, this section is of a darker tone than the last, but this atmosphere is created through the subtext, so the audience may not be fully aware of why they feel this way about the atmosphere. This is featured through the presence of the narrator, who throughout the play appears on stage to signify or prompt something negative to happen. He hands them the gun, and prompts the game of piggy-in-the-middle that Linda gets caught between. The next section uses metaphors to create a dark, impending atmosphere, that is more openly sinister that the previous section. Russell refers to the characters are â€Å"Lambs in spring†, which suggests not only their innocence and naivety, but an inevitable fate, specifically one that is forced upon them, not of their own doing. This explicitly refers to the brothers’ fate in a way in which the last section didn’t, so the tone is far more marred by the eventuality of their deaths. This date is also referenced when Russell extends the metaphor, â€Å"fate the later seasons bring†, which causes the audience to remember the scene at the very beginning of the play, preventing them from being drawn into the initial happiness of the three teenagers in this sequence. Again, it refers to Linda being caught in the middle of the pair, foreshadowing their final argument. It also refers to Linda paying a â€Å"price†, a theme that was initially shown in the song ‘Easy Terms’, sung by Mrs Johnstone, and in both cases foreshadows the price they’ll have to pay for their involvement in the twins’ lives. The music becomes far more serious and sinister, a repetitive tense note with no actual melody. In the next section a recurring theme is shown with the references to time. This creates a sad, melancholic atmosphere, as the audience is aware of the character’s significant lack of time together, but the characters are not, so their happy unawareness and this dramatic irony is slightly poignant. Again, fate is reference by the narrator â€Å"care not for what’s at the end of the day†, again forcing the audience to remember the fate of the boys, this enhances the melancholy mood of the section. â€Å"What is to come, what might have been†, references both the eventualities of the play, whilst also suggesting they could have been happy, that it could have they could have been happier, depressing the mood even further. It is made poignant by the characters’ blissful ignorance, â€Å"life has no ending†¦Talk away the night†, which ties in with the earlier references of immorality. Again, this dramatic irony, where the audience know that the boys’ lives do have endings that are fast approaching, almost makes the audience beg them to not waste their time talking â€Å"away the night†. â€Å"Share your last cigarette† also ties into the earlier scene where Mickey and Eddie share things, such as sweets and later cigarettes, they promise to share things in their blood brothers pact; but they cannot share Linda. Arguably the downfall of both brothers, meaning that this watershed’s atmosphere is wholly dark. In the next section it is all stage directions, but Russell uses foreshadowing and the use of the narrator’s presence to create a seemingly happy atmosphere that still foreshadows tragedy. In it, the trip are taking photos of each other at the beach. In the one between Eddie and Linda, Eddie down on one knee and demonstrating affections by kissing her hand. Throughout the play, Linda has shaped Eddie’s personality and actions, such as coercing him to throw rocks, and Eddie has appeared to like her from the very beginning and so this foreshadows the dynamics of their later relationship. Mickey and Linda’s photo does the same, as Mickey â€Å"pulls a distorted face†, and Linda chastening him for it, which foreshadows Mickey’s later dependency on medication, and Linda’s efforts to help him get off them. This foreshadowing of tragic events, in a way that appears innocent creates an  eerie, disconcerting atmosphere. As there are no words, it can’t openly reference what’s to come, but uses what the characters think is a harmless and happy moment. This is compounded by the musical choice, which is again ‘Tell me it’s not true’, as fairground music. Again, this foreshadows the final scene, creating a foreboding atmosphere without explicit reference as to why it appears that way. In this scene we see the characters taking pictures of them at the beach, these photos are memories of the last time the three of them are all truly happy. Therefore, the photographs signify the end of their childhood and innocence and dreams. This made clearer by the narrator being the one to take the photographs, thus being the one who signifies the end of their childhoods and lives. The children literally become adults at the end of the beach scene in the Summer Sequence, as well as metaphorically. Because the narrator is a sinister figure throughout the play, and usually is there to prompt the occurrence of something tragic, it creates a sense of impending tragedy even more obvious in this scene. The picture that the narrator takes is of them all together, happy, so he not only brings their childhood to a close, but also their happiness and friendship. In a sense, he symbolises reality as he intrudes on their happiness, despite their ignorance and the audience’s desire for him not to do so. He also represents society as it is eventually social constraints of class and wealth that divide the two. This way the audience are forced to see the society that they are part of and this is the factor that brings the story to an end. The fact that he appears to them as a friendly, even helpful, face increases the audience’s wariness of him and therefore the sinister nature of the scene. The overriding atmosphere of the scene is the last section is one of desperation and uncertainty. Russell uses metaphors such as â€Å"broken bottles in the sand† to symbolise a man-made impression on something naive and happy, which symbolises the characters’ friendship and how it is affected by class. The motif of a dream is repeated, as is the theme of innocence. The references to dreams ties in with the song tell me it’s not true, which refers to dreams. The reference to innocence here again makes the trio seem devious to the fact that they will be subject to tragedy.

Leslie Marmon Silkos Lullaby, Storyteller, and Yellow Woman Essay exam

Leslie Marmon Silko's Lullaby, Storyteller, and Yellow Woman Leslie Marmon Silko?s work is set apart due to her Native American Heritage. She writes through ?Indian eyes? which makes her stories very different from others. Silko is a Pueblo Indian and was educated in one of the governments? BIA schools. She knows the culture of the white man, which is not uncommon for modern American Indians. Her work is powerful and educating at the same time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In this paper, I will discuss three different works by Silko (Lullaby, Storyteller, and Yellow Woman). Each of the stories will be discussed according to plot, style, and social significance. After that, I will relate Silko?s work to other literary genies and analyze her work as a whole. ?Lullaby';   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The main character in this story is a woman named Ayah. Ayah is a Native American who lives in a shack with her husband and two children. She is not very close to her husband, (Chato), but she is very loyal to him. This is the way of a Navajo Woman, being loyal to your husband and family. Chato was a well-spoken man who spoke both English and Spanish in addition to his native language. The worst thing that happened to Ayah was the loss of her two children to the welfare board. They were either sick or she wasn?t providing for them. She wasn?t taking care of them in a way that pleased the whites; however, she raised her children beautifully in the Native American tradition.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ?Lullaby'; is full of Native Ame...

Big Time Essay

Today, more and more researchers are interested in estimating the absolute divergence in income distribution in developed and developing countries. And Lant Pritchett is no exception. In his â€Å"Divergence, Big Time† he shows that actual historical statistics are not needed for estimating the ratio of income in the richest and the poorest countries. As far as researchers pay thorough attention to literature on economic growth, Pritchett finds it important to discuss the phenomenon of conditional convergence. The key argument is that economies with low-level incomes have the tendency to develop faster than economies with higher-income levels. Pritchett argues that lack of reliable historical data on per capita income hinders estimations of long-run convergence. Nonetheless, in his research his proves that divergences can be estimated without historical data. Development of modern economic history is attributed to estimations of divergence in productivity and living standards across the countries. I agree with Pritchett that the tendency has gained wider attention as economists and analysts should be provided with proper knowledge of why the poorer countries grow faster, why they recover faster from crisis, etc. Economists should be provided with full scene of what is happening globally, why growth rates are different and what constitutes economic development. Pritchett argues that income in developing countries has fallen, whereas the income in developed countries has significantly increased increasing the gap between the rich and the poor. In particular, long-run economic growth has increased in developed countries, their growth rates remain similar to developing countries, whereas developing countries have the tendency to grow faster to balance convergence in absolute income levels. Interestingly, developing countries are often referred to as the other set of countries, but I can’t agree with such definition because some of the East Asian countries as, for example, China and Japan are swiftly developing and they are very likely to replace the most developed countries within the next years. Of course, in the end of the 19th century economic development in less developed countries was significantly lower, but today the situation has changed. Pritchett notes that, on average, the growth rates in developing countries are slower contributing to divergence in relative incomes. Nevertheless, Pritchett is right when stating that developed countries are marked by different patterns of growth. Further, Pritchett cites one of the modern economists, Gerschenkron, who argues that the idea of ‘advantage of backwardness’ stimulates developing countries to experiences episodes of rapid economic growth driven by increased productivity. I agree with researchers as there are many examples of individual developing countries that have illustrated rapid growth as China, for example. Of course, the most of the backward countries have practically no chances to become world leaders. Historical researches claim that such cases are rare. Nevertheless, poorer countries are provided with the potential of economic growth, but strong forces of stagnation and lack of proper resources hinder economic development. Implosive decline is observed in countries, where society is disintegrated failing to gather economic statistics. Pritchett’s claim that backwardness carries disadvantages is valid. The key challenge is how to overcome disadvantaged posted by stagnation and backwardness. Pritchett concludes that growth theories try to related economic growth to world’s experience. Economic growth in developed and developing countries depends on the level of technological progress, per capita growth, and other internal and external factors. The author is interested in revealing why some countries are developing rapidly, whereas others are fading and loosing rapid growth. In my opinion, the issues raised in the article are important for modern economic history as the author contributes to understanding the reasons of economic growth. He says that divergence in income levels contributes to hindering economic development. However, the key finding is that the poorer countries have the tendency to grow faster. Works Cited Pritchett, Lant. Divergence, Big Time. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 11, 3 (1997); pp. 3-17.

Research Paradigm

Webster Dictionary defines paradigm as â€Å"an example or pattern: small, self-contained, simplified examples that we use to illustrate procedures, processes, and theoretical points. † The most quoted definition of paradigm is Thomas Kuhn's (1962, 1970) concept in The Nature of Science Revolution, i. e. paradigm as the underlying assumptions and intellectual structure upon which research and development in a field of inquiry is based. The other definitions in the research literature include: Patton (1990): A paradigm is a world view, a general perspective, a way of breaking down the complexity of the real world. Paradigm is an interpretative framework, which is guided by â€Å"a set of beliefs and feelings about the world and how it should be understood and studied. † (Guba, 1990). Denzin and Lincoln (2001) listed three categories of those beliefs: Ontology: what kind of being is the human being. Ontology deals with the question of what is real. Epistemology: what is the relationship between the inquirer and the known: â€Å"epistemology is the branch of philosophy that studies the nature of knowledge and the process by which knowledge is acquired and validated† (Gall, Borg, & Gall, 1996) Methodology: how do we know the world, or gain knowledge of it? When challenging the assumptions underlying positivism, Lincoln and Guba (2000) also identified two more categories that will distinguish different paradigms, i. e. beliefs in causality and oxiology. The assumptions of causality asserts the position of the nature and possibility of causal relationship; oxiology deals with the issues about value. Specific assumptions about research include the role of value in research, how to avoid value from influencing research, and how best to use research products (Baptiste, 2000). Dill and Romiszowski (1997) stated the functions of paradigms as follows: Define how the world works, how knowledge is extracted from this world, and how one is to think, write, and talk about this knowledge Define the types of questions to be asked and the methodologies to be used in answering Decide what is published and what is not published Structure the world of the academic worker Provide its meaning and its significance Two major philosophical doctrines in the social science inquiry are positivism and postpositivism. The following is a contrast of the research approach that are entailed from these two different philosophical paradigms. Positivism Postpostivism Philosophical Inquiry The physical and social reality is independent of those who observe it Observation of this reality, if unbiased, constitutes scientific knowledge. Behavioral researchers in education and psychology exemplify an approach to scientific inquiry that is grounded in positivist epistemology. Social reality is constructed by the individuals who participate it. It is constructed differently by different individuals. This view of social reality is consistent with the constructivist movement in cognitive psychology, which posts that individuals gradually build their own understandings of the world through experience and maturation. The mind is not tabula rasa (blank slate) upon which knowledge is written. Research Design The inquiry focuses on the determination of the general trends of a defined populations. The features of the social environment retain a high degree of constancy across time and space. Local variations are considered â€Å"noise†Ã‚ · Study of samples and population Generalization: first defining the population of interest, select a representative of the population, the researcher generalizes the findings obtained from studying the sample to the larger population using the statistical techniques to determine the likelihood that sample findings are likely to apply to the population. The scientific inquiry must focus on the study of multiple social realities, i. e. the different realities created by different individuals as they interact in a social environment. Find a ways to get individuals to reveal their constructions of social realities, including the person being studied and the researcher. Reflexivity: focus on the researcher's self as an integral constructor of the social reality being studied The study of ndividuals' interpretations of social reality must occur at the local, immediate level. Study of cases: have you learned something about his case that informs us about another cases? Generalization of case study findings must be made on a case-by-case basis. In other words, it is the reader who made the generalization based on his or her own interpretation: The focus is on the transferability instead of generalization. Data Collection and Design. The use of mathematics to represent and analyze features of social reality is consistent with positivist epistemology: a particular feature can be isolated and conceptualized as a variable. The variables can be expressed as a numerical scales. Deductive analysis: identify underlying themes and patterns prior to data collection and searching through the data for instances of them: hypothesis testing Focuses on the study of individual cases and by making â€Å"thick† verbal descriptions of what they observe. Analytic induction: search through data bit by bit and then infers that certain events or statements are instances of the same underlying themes or patterns View of causality A mechanistic causality among social objects Individuals' interpretation of situations cause them to take certain actions Lincoln and Guba (2000) made the following distinctions between positivist and naturalist inquiries. Positivist Naturalist Reality is single, tangible, and fragmentable. Realities are multiple, constructed, and holistic. Dualism: the knower and the known are independent. The knower and the known are interactive and inseparable. Time and context free generalizationOnly time-and context-bound working hypotheses are possible. Real causes, temporally precedent to or simultaneous with their effects (causal relationship)All entities are in a state of mutual simultaneous shaping, so that it is impossible to distinguish causes from effects. Inquiry is value free. Inquiry is value bounded.

What problems face those who seek a Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) for the European Union Essay Example

What problems face those who seek a Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) for the European Union Essay Example What problems face those who seek a Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) for the European Union Essay What problems face those who seek a Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) for the European Union Essay While first attempts to collaborate in foreign policy matters had already been made in the 1970s through cooperation between national foreign ministries the implementation of a European Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) did not occur until the 1990s. With the end of the Cold War and the imminence of German reunification in 1990, the member states of the European Union (EU) were nearly unanimous in their notions to reform its forerunner, the European Political Cooperation (EPC). The CFSP was then created as the second of the three pillars of the EU as part of the Maastricht Treaty in 1992. Albeit having succeeded in establishing common positions in a number of foreign policy related areas, including those on economic relations with Libya, Sudan, Haiti, and former Yugoslavia (Gordon 1997, 74), the pursuit of a CFSP has not always been successful. In fact, there have been serious failures on behalf of the member states of the EU to cooperate in foreign policy matters in the past. These can be attributed to a number of shortcomings in the CFSP, as well as to structural features of the EU itself. In this essay, I will attempt to highlight some of the problems of a CFSP in terms of the utterly different perspectives of EU member countries. Furthermore, I will point out some of the lapses within the current CFSP constellation, as well as touching upon the inherent predicaments for a CFSP in prospect of EU enlargement. Henry Kissinger once famously remarked that when I want to speak to Europe, who do I call? . This question is still valid today, as the foreign policy of European countries is largely determined by self-perception and identity. Finding a common ground among EU member states has proven to be incredibly difficult in foreign policy issues due to dissimilar historical backgrounds, as well as national interests. CFSP suffers from an inherent contradiction: the determination to preserve national foreign policy is ultimately at the odds with the ambition t o create a European foreign policy (Allen 1998, 42). Furthermore, for a CFSP to work, the agreement of the major powers is required. The problem is, however, that a systems most powerful members also tend to be each others most serious rivals and competitors. (De Vree 1987, 10). Unfortunately, this is true for the EU as well, particularly for Germany, France and Great Britain, as the conflict of foreign policy interests over the use of military force in Iraq underscored recently. It was notably during the war in former Yugoslavia, that the inherent shortcomings of CFSP became evident. Although the European public largely agreed that something had to be done in the light of Serb ethnic cleansing in Bosnia, the EU faced deep division among its member states. Although general sympathies were with Croatia and Bosnia, both being victims of Serb aggression, Greece sympathized with Serbia, with which it had close cultural and religious ties (Dinan 1999, 519) and blocked the EU recognition of the neighboring Macedonia and imposed sanctions on it. After further disputes over EU recognition of Slovenia and Croatia, in which German unilateralism complicated the matter immensely, more EU sponsored diplomatic conferences followed the London Conference in 1992 and the Geneva talk, which ended in 1993. Throughout this time, a peaceful settlement of the conflict could not be reached through EU mediation and the failure of Europes CFSP became evident in 1994, when a Contact Group was established, with three EU member states, but without any formal EU representation (Dinan 1999, 520). NATO bombardment of Serbian positions finally took place in 1995, followed by an US-led diplomatic effort leading to the peace conference in Dayton, Ohio. Although the peace accord was signed in Paris it could not disguise the predominantly US stamp on the peace process (Dinan 1999, 520) and the failure of the EUs CFSP to end the fighting in Yugoslavia during the preceding four years. Following the Yugoslav debacle, the members of the EU were painfully aware of the weaknesses of the CFSP and with the 1996-1997 intergovernmental conference (IGC) had an opportunity to make procedural and institutional reforms. From this IGC emerged the 1997 Amsterdam Treaty, which incorporated two new decision-making formulae for CFSP. However, these reformed decision-making procedures are more complicated than the original ones without necessarily being an improvement on them (Dinan 1999, 523). Namely, they are the principles of constructive abstention and the so-called emergency brake. Constructive abstention is likely to reduce, rather than enhance the CFSPs effectiveness, since it allows member states to abstain from a decision taken unanimously by the other states (as long as they do not constitute more than one-third of the weighted votes in the Council). The key is that the abstaining states, while having to accept that the decision is binding on the EU, need not apply the decision themselves. Similarly, the emergency brake implies an obstacle for efficient decision-making, as states may for important and stated reasons of national policy declare their opposition to a vote being taken by qualified majority voting (QMV) and opt for the matter to be referred to the European Council (EC), where it can be decided unanimously (Dinan 1999, 523). Furthermore, there have always been unilateral temptations leading to EU member states abandoning a CFSP or simply not consulting with other members of the union. Even countries supposedly most enthusiastic about developing a united EU capacity for action, such as France, have been unwilling to abandon their own freedom of maneuver in areas of national importance (Gordon 1997, 74). This has lead for example to a unilateral French intervention in Rwanda in 1994, and a decision later in the same year to conduct a series of nuclear tests, even though they were condemned at the United Nations by eleven of the sixteen EU member states at the time. Other events of unilateral actions of EU members include Greeces 1994-95 economic embargo on the former Yugoslav republic of Macedonia, Britains isolated support for U. S. air strikes on Iraq in September 1996, and France and Germanys unwillingness to agree to an April 1997 EU resolution critical of Chinas human rights record (lest it imperil their economic contracts with Beijing) (Gordon 1997, 74). As these examples show, the CFSP is in its present form simply not able to constrain continued national foreign policy behavior. Another factor which might very well be responsible for some of the problems encountered by EU member states in pursuit of a CFSP is its absence from important aspects of European foreign and security policy. For this matter intelligence collection and analysis is still a national responsibility, and common EU representation in international bodies such as the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) is not even considered (Gordon 1997, 74). At the same time, however, the Amsterdam Treaty calls for coordinated action in international organizations (Article J. 9). In order to coordinate their foreign policy efforts effectively, the member states of the EU should strive to pursue cooperation of crucial aspects of a CFSP, such as an EU seat in the UNSC. However, due to the determination of the UN veto powers France and Britain to maintain sovereign control over their national foreign policy in the UN, a common EU representation in the UNSC cannot be envisioned in the near future. Finally, the prospect of enlargement to Central and Eastern Europe presents the CFSP with a number of challenges. The sheer size of numbers, given the accession of ten new members will make developing a cohesive foreign policy far more complicated. Each new member state brings in new and different historical experiences and new foreign policy perspectives. Furthermore, with different foreign policy interests also come new neighbors and different relations with third states (Sjursen 1999, 43). During the time of the Cold War with two opposing military blocs, it was relatively unproblematic for the member states of the EU to share a western identity. With the enlargement towards the East, however, this sense of identity is no longer relevant the perennial issue of what is Europe needs to be redefined. In addition, the institution of Presidency is likely to become more inefficient with a larger number of small member states, as it is difficult to ensure consistency in the EUs external representation when leadership rotates every six months (Sjursen 1999, 45). At the same time, some of the larger EU countries, particularly the founding members, have reservations about subordinating their national foreign policy to the leadership of smaller Eastern member states. Hence, we can see that in the light of the recent decision to grant EU membership to ten additional countries, the basis for a common identity will be further diluted (Sjursen 1999, 47). In conclusion, identifying shared interests and reconciling different national foreign policy traditions remains a challenge for the members of the EU, as the above examples illustrate. However, it should be noted that not all efforts made to construct a CFSP have been in vain quite on the contrary. Foreign policy today, unlike in the past, takes place in the context of European consultation and officials and Ministers who sit together on planes and round tables in Brussels and in each others capitals begin to judge rationality from within a different framework (Hill 1996, 12). An example for this is the so-called coordination reflex (Sjursen 1999, 38) the notion of foreign policy directors to consult with each other. As the economic union of the EU grows ever stronger, it is very likely that it might have a spillover effect on foreign policy, as foreign interests have converged for the past forty years and are likely to keep converging (Gordon 1997, 74).

Learn About the History of Life Savers Candy

Learn About the History of Life Savers Candy In 1912, chocolate manufacturer Clarence Crane (Cleveland,  Ohio) invented Life Savers as a â€Å"summer candy† that could withstand heat better than chocolate. Since the mints looked like miniature life preservers, he called them Life Savers.  Crane did not have space  or machinery to make them so he contracted with a pill manufacturer to press the mints into shape. Edward Noble After registering the trademark, in 1913, Crane sold the rights to the peppermint candy to Edward Noble of New York for $2,900. Noble started his own candy company, creating tin-foil wrappers to keep the mints fresh, instead of cardboard rolls. Pep-O-Mint was the first Life Saver flavor. Since then, many different flavors of Life Savers have been produced. The five-flavor roll first appeared in 1935. The ton-foil-wrapping process was completed by hand until 1919 when machinery was developed by Edward Nobles brother, Robert Peckham Noble, to streamline the process.  Robert was a Purdue-educated  engineer. He took his younger brothers entrepreneurial vision and designed and built the manufacturing facilities needed to expand the company. The primary manufacturing plant for Life Savers was located in  Port Chester, New York. Robert led the company as its chief executive officer  and primary shareholder for more than 40 years, until selling the company in the late 1950s. By 1919, six other flavors (Wint-O-Green, Cl-O-ve, Lic-O-Rice, Cinn-O-Mon, Vi-O-Let, and Choc-O-Late) had been created, and these remained the standard flavors until the late 1920s. In 1920, a new flavor called Malt-O-Milk was introduced. This flavor was not received well by the public and was discontinued after only a few years.  In 1925, the tinfoil was replaced with  aluminum foil. Fruit Drops In 1921, the company began to produce solid fruit drops. In 1925, technology improved to allow a hole in the center of the fruity Life Saver. These were introduced as the fruit drop with the hole and came in three fruit flavors,  each packaged in their own separate rolls. These new flavors quickly became popular with the public. More flavors were quickly introduced. In 1935, the classic Five-Flavor rolls were introduced, offering a selection of five different flavors (pineapple, lime, orange, cherry, and lemon) in each roll.  This flavor lineup was unchanged for nearly 70 years, until 2003, when three of the flavors were replaced in the United States, making the rolls pineapple, cherry, raspberry, watermelon, and blackberry.  However, orange was subsequently reintroduced and blackberry was dropped. The original five-flavor lineup is still sold in Canada.   Nabisco In 1981,  Nabisco  Brands Inc. acquired Life Savers. Nabisco introduced a new cinnamon flavor (Hot Cin-O-Mon) as a clear fruit drop type candy. In 2004, the US Life Savers business was acquired by  Wrigleys. Wrigleys introduced two new mint flavors (for the first time in more than 60 years) in 2006: Orange Mint and Sweet Mint. They also revived some of the early mint flavors (such as Wint-O-Green). Life Savers production was based in  Holland, Michigan, until 2002 when it was moved to  Montreal,  Quà ©bec,  Canada.

Overthrow History Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Overthrow History Paper - Essay Example Ultimately, the US loses interest in the target countries, allowing corruption or terrorism to flourish. Another pattern we can look at is the history of U.S.A mediation in governments around the world.   Kinzer’s starts with what he notes as the first American intervention in a foreign country, an intervention whose known aim was to collapse that government: the case of Hawaii, 1893. Hawaii was then an autonomous state ruled by a sovereign, Queen Liliuokalani. Kinzer facts the various political and economic motives behind this early example of American military power, or merely the threat of it, being ultimately used to destabilize and ultimate overthrow a foreign power that was not deemed to be complying with U.S. interests. Kinzer is careful to outline the economic imperatives that are so often at the root of political upheavals; in the case of Hawaii, it is white concern in the enormous profits to be made from sugar. The relation among economic and political forces as th ey played out in the case of Hawaii at the end of the 19th century set the pattern, Kinzer argues, for the several interventions that would go after over the next 100 years. Fast-forward to the assault of Iraq in 2003: as Kinzer notes, â€Å"Giant American Corporations stood to make huge profits from this conflict and its aftermath.† Among the main beneficiaries were Halliburton, Bechtel, and the Carlyle Group, all with ties to the Bush management and all major contributors to Bush’s presidential campaigns.   He tells the narration of the bold politicians, spies, military commanders, and commerce executives who took it upon themselves to depose royals, presidents, and prime ministers. He also shows that the U.S.A administration has often pursued these operations with no understanding the countries involved; as a result, many of them have had disastrous long-term effects. In a convincing and offensive history that takes readers to fourteen countries, including Cuba, I ran, South Vietnam, Chile, and Iraq, Kinzer surveys current American history from a new and often startling perspective. Justification for regime changes in places The control that economic power exercises over American foreign policy had grown extremely since the days when determined planters in Hawaii realized that by bringing their islands into the United States, they would be able to send their sugar to markets on the mainland without paying import duties. As the twentieth century progressed, titans of trade and their advocates went a step beyond influencing policy makers; they became the policy makers. The stature who most perfectly embodied this merging of political and economic interests was John Foster Dulles, who spent decades operational for some of the world’s most powerful corporations and then became secretary of state. Dulles ordered the 1953 coup in Iran, which was intended in part to make the Middle East safe for American oil companies. A year later he ordered another coup, in Guatemala, where a nationalist government had challenged the power of United Fruit, a company his old law firm represented. Having marshalled so much public and political support, American corporations found it relatively easy to call upon the military or the Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA) to defend their privileges in countries where they ran into trouble. They might not have been able to do so if they and the presidents who cooperated with them